Ubuntu Linux 10.04自带的输入法不是很好用，linux下的输入法和windows下的比起来还是有很大差距的，相对来说比较好的输入法我看还是fcitx还不 错，不过在Ubuntu下通过“sudo apt-get install fcitx”命令安装之后会出现方块的乱码。那是因为fcitx安装后默认的中文显示字体设置错误。
fcitx的配置文件 是~/.fcitx/config
但是直接用 gedit ~/.fcitx/config 打开配置文件显示的也都是乱码，解决办法就是指定编码方式打开“sudo gedit –encoding gbk ~/.fcitx/config” Ubuntu默认的编码方式是UTF-8格式，因此需要通过gbk方式来打开该文件。
[程序]
显示字体(中)=*
显示字体(英)=Courier New
显 示字体大小=12
主窗口字体大小=9
字体区域=zh_CN.UTF-8
使用AA字体=1
使用粗体=1
使用托盘图 标=1
需要将第一行配置改成
“显示字体(中)=AR PL ShanHeiSun Uni”
ACP 酸性磷酸酶
AFP 甲胎蛋白
A/G 白蛋白／球蛋白
AKP 碱性磷酸酶
ASO 抗链球菌溶血素O(试验)
B 嗜碱性粒细胞
BPC 血小板计数
BT 出血时间
BUN 血尿素氮
CCFT 脑磷酯，胆固醇絮状试验
CEA 癌胚抗原(诊断肠癌用)
CFT 补体结合试验
C02 cp 二氧化碳结合力
CSF 脑脊液
CT 凝血时间
DC 分类计数
DIC 弥漫性血管内凝血
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸
E 嗜酸性(依红)细胞
EBV 埃-巴二氏病毒
ECF 细胞外液
ER 内质网
ESR 血沉
GFR 肾小球过滤率
HAA 肝炎相关抗原
Hb 血红素
HBc(e)Ag 乙型肝炎核心(e)抗原
HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原
H(L)P 高(低)倍镜
ICF 细胞内液
Ig 免疫球蛋白
II 黄疸指数
KT 康氏反应(查梅毒用)
LA 乳凝试验
LD bodies： LD氏小体(黑热病小体)
Lym 淋巴细胞
Mon 单核细胞
MP 疟原虫
Neg；Pos 阴性；阳性
NPN 非蛋白氮
17-OHCS 17-羟皮质类固醇
PBI 蛋白结合碘
PAS 对氨基水杨酸；红细胞高碘酸-雪夫氏反应
P＆O 寄生虫及虫卵
PC 脓细胞；浆细胞
pC02 二氧化碳分压
poly 多形核白细胞
PPP(3P) 血浆鱼精蛋白副凝试验，三P试验(诊断DIC用)
PSP 酚红试验
RBC 红细胞(计数)
RIE 放射免疫电泳法
RNA 核糖核酸
RT (Blood，Urine，Stool) 常规(血，小便，大便)
SGOT 血清谷草转氨酶
SGPT 血清谷丙转氨酶
Sp gr(SG) 比重
St 杆状核中性白细胞
TB 结核杆菌
TAT 高田荒试验
TFT 麝絮试验
TT 凝血酶试验
TTT 麝浊试验
UCF 许氏血小板稀释液(尿素一枸橼酸盐一福尔马林)
VDB 凡登伯试验
WBC 白细胞(计数)
WR 华氏反应(诊断梅毒用)
ZNTT 锌浊试验
ACG 心血管造影术
AD 右耳
AS 左耳
BMR 基础代谢率
BP 血压
C 摄氏(温度)；大卡(热量单位)
C 小卡
CC 主诉
CT 电脑控制断层影法
DD 鉴别诊断
DM 舒张期杂音
ECG(EKG) 心电图
EEG 脑电图
Ej 肘反射
EM 电子显微镜
EMG 肌电图
ENT 五官(耳鼻咽喉)科
F 华氏(温度)
FOU 发热待查
GI 胃肠系统
GU 生殖泌尿系统；胃溃疡
IVP 静脉肾盂造影术
Kj 膝反射
KUB 肾、输尿管、膀胱(腹部平片)
mmHg 毫米汞柱
NAD 未发现异常
OB 隐血(试验)
OD 右眼
OS 左眼
OT 旧结核菌素(试验)
OU 两眼
P&A 叩诊及听诊
PE 体检
PH 过去(病)史
PI 现在(病)史
RP 逆行肾盂造影
SM 收缩期杂音
TPR 体温、脉搏、呼吸
UCG 超声心动图
URI 上呼吸道感染
USE 超声波检查
VF 语颤
British engineer Les Applewhite, whose heart had stopped beating for almost an hour, was saved by doctors at a hospital in Xi’an.
The 26-year-old engineer came to work at Xi’an in April 1981. In November he was admitted to the Shanxi People’s Hospital and was diagnosed as heart disease. Equipped with a heart monitor, he was put under observation.
Then on the morning of December 3, the patient’s heart suddenly stopped beating. The Chinese doctors immediately gave him emergency treatment. They tried a number of methods including electric shock, but in vain. Three doctors took turns at massaging him. Then the head doctor decided to give him electric shock again. At 10:05 a.m. –55 minutes after the patient’s heart had stopped beating– heartbeat signals flashed on the monitor.
Although the patient’s heart beating again, the doctors were still concerned about the condition of other organs after his “hour of death”. The hospital consulted with more specialists from both the No.4 Medical College of the Army and the Xi’an Medical College. A neurologist was assigned to monitor him with an electroencephalograph. Some other physicians together with the head nurse, kept a 24–hour watch, tending to his needs, feeding him, and helping him turn over in his bed.
After two months of treatment, Mr Applewhite gradually regained his health. On February 2, 1982, he left the hospital and returned to England. The Chinese doctors gave him a second life.
On March 23, 1983, a meeting was held in Dancheng County, Henan Province to honour Zhou Lirong, a doctor who has worked whole-heartediy for 25 years in this poor area.
In 1958, when Zhou Lirong graduated from the Shanghai No.1 Medical College, he asked to be assigned to work in Dancheng County. At that time, the county’s only hospital was equipped with a few beds, an operating table and some gas lamps for emergency operations at night.
Every day, his office was crowded with patients waiting to see “the doctor from Shanghai”. Zhou was aware of the heavy burden he had taken on. He realized that where doctors and medicines were in short supply, he would have to work harder—studying all branches of Chinese and Western medicine and learning to achieve the same results with inferior equipment.
He learned to perform such complex operations as pneumonectomies and pericardiotomies sucessfully, despite the poor conditions at the county hospital. In difficult cases, he often sat by the patient for hours, observing his symptoms and making him comfortable. The trust of his patients and their families sustained Zhou through successes and failures alike, giving him the courage to continue his work.
As rural industries developed in this area, more and more peasants were losing limbs or fingers while working on machines. Zhou Lirong was determined to find a way to help these people. He started studying microsurgery in 1970. Since he himself had lost half of his right forefinger, it can well be imagined how difficult it was to sew up blood vessels as fine as hair with even finer surgical threads without using a microscope. He practised countless times over a two-year period, until he felt he had mastered the delicate surgical techniques. Finally, in 1975, he succeeded in rejoining a severed human finger for the first time.
In 1980, the county hospital set up a department of microsurgery and began to accept patients. As of March, 1983, Dr. Zhou and his colleagues had performed 83 such operations with a 95.2 percent success rate. Of the department’s 31 other graft and transplant cases, only one was a failure. Today Zhou and his comrades continue to develop their microsurgical techniques—and to dedicate them to the people.
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen was born March 27, 1845, in the town of Lennep in Germany. When he was only three, the family moved to Holland, and settled in the town of Apeldoorm. Here the boy learned his first lessons, attended school, and suffered a childhood illness that cost him the sight of one eye.
Since 1862, Roentgen had studied in several technical schools. When he was twenty-four, August Kundt, a brilliant experimental physicist, invited him to come into his laboratory as his assistant. Fortunately for himself, and for the millions of people who were to benefit from his success, Roentgen accepted Kundt’s offer.
The laboratory was stimulating to Roentgen. He acquired the known principies of physics in a very short time, and spent half his nights reading the journals’ reports of the latest advances in physics. When Kundt was called to the University of Strassburg, he took Roentgen with him. Roentgen worked very hard. He made himself a good researcher and teacher within ten years. When he was forty-three, he became professor of physics at the University of Wurzburg and director of its newly established Physical Institute. And it was there, in his fiftieth year, that Roentgen discovered the X-ray.
After the X-ray discovery, Roentgen returned to his study of the properties of crystals. In 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physics; he gave the prize money to the University of Wurzburg.
Roentgen’s beloved wife died in 1919; he no happiness the rest of his life. In 1920 he retired from teaching, but continued to work in the two laboratory rooms that were put at his disposal. He died on February 10, 1923, of cancer, an illness he had diagnosed himself. Roentgen continues to live, However, in the memory of the millions of people who have benefited from his great contribution to mankind–the X-ray.
If you break your arm on led, the doctor will probably send you to hospital to have an X-ray photograph taken to find out just where the break is and what kind of break it is. Dentists also take X-ray photographs of people’s teeth to find out if there is anything wrong with the teeth which does not show from the outside. Every hospital has an X-ray department, and doctors now depend on these photographs for giving them information about their patients. X-rays were first discovered by a German scientist, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, in 1895, almost by accident.
He and several other scientists were experimenting with passing electric currents through certain gases in a special glass tube from which the air had been removed. One day Roentgen noticed that, even when the tube was covered with black paper, some strange kind of radiation was coming through and making a screen nearby glow.
The next thing he found out was that if he put his hand between the rays and a photographic plate, the rays would print a shadow of the bony framework of his hand on the plate. In fact the rays could pass as easily through the fleshy part of his hand as through the black paper, but hardly at all through the bone. So Roentgen made the first X-ray picture of a hand, showing just how the bones in the hand fit together.
When Roentgen wrote an account of what he had discovered, he called these new rays, for X is a symbol often used for something which is not yet understood. Other scientists called them Roentgen rays in honour of the man who first found them.
As well as being used for taking photographs, X-rays are also used for treating diseased parts of the body to kill the disease. So today doctors can find out by X-rays whether a patient has tuberculosis, for example, or cancer, in time to be able to cure it, and then they use the X-rays to destroy the cancer. X-rays are also used for studying many other things as well as human bodies. Engineers use them, for example, to find out how metals are made up, to check whether they will be strong enough for their purpose and whether there are any flaws in them.
Cells are like little flames. A flame needs food. The bloodstream carries food and oxygen to all the cells in the body and takes away waste. It is as if the blood kept the little fires in the cells burning and took away the ashes. The fuel for the fires in the cells is given us by the food we eat. It cannot burn without oxygen. This gas is as necessary to all living things as it is necessary to the burning of fires made of wood or coal.
Old cells die and give place to new cells in the body. Three million of your red blood cells die every second, and other cells take their place. The red cell population of your body changes completely in about three months.
Cells do not grow to be more than twice the size they were at first. But trees can grow to be many thousands of times the size they were as seeds. The tallest tree known is 364 feet high. One great tree in California is as much as 115 feet round its trunk at the thickest point.
How does such growth take place if cells do not grow to be more than twice as large as they were at first? It all takes place through division. The cells which make up the organism are able to divide into two and this division goes on and on. When you were born you had as many as 200 billion cells in your body all coming, in nine months, from the division of one cell 1/175th of an inch across.
People are the most complex of all organisms. A man would die, if the millions of millions of cells in his body did not work together in their different ways. The specialized cells of the body depend upon each other for such things as nourishment and the removal of their waste matter. For example, if the digestive cells of the food canal did not perform their function properly, the muscle cells would no receive nourishment, or if the excreting cells did not take away poisonous waste, the cells of the body would be poisoned and die.
Under a microscope, a cell looks a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it. Very small openings in the walls of the cell let food in and waste out. In every cell there is a part like a little ball. This is the nucleus, which organizes the work of the cell. Though cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago, it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed. It is this nucleus which keeps the cell working.
All cells reproduce their own kind and grow. In performing their work cells become tired, worn-out and die. If the tissue of the organ is to maintain its health, new cells are required to replace the old ones. The healthy cells accomplish this by splitting their bodies, so that one cell becomes two cells four, and so on. These cells are young and small, but they get nourishment and they grow into adult cells, and so carry on the function of the organ.
It is plain, therefore, that each organ of the body must perform its work well if the other organs are to maintain their health. When they are all functioning well the body is healthy. When any organ fails to do its work, all the organs are liable to become affected; changes take place in their cells and their functions are disordered. Such changes give rise to sensations of sickness, pain, loss of strength, bad appetite, fever, and so on. Then the body is said to be diseased.
Operations had in the early days to be done without anaesthetic. Many young men who 1 ad decided to be doctors changed their first opeation. The sick man had to be held down on a table by force. He could feel all the pain if his leg or arm was being amputated, and his fearful cries filled the room and the hearts of those who watched.
Sometimes the sick man was struck hard on the head before an operation. Then the doctors had to work as quickly as possible while he was still unconscious. Sometimes some of the blood was allowed to run out of his body to make him weak and unable to feel much pain.
Soon after 1770, Joseph Priestley discovered a gas which is now called “laughing gas”. Aman called Horace Wells noticed that people did not seem to feel pain when they were under the influence of this gas. He dicided to try an experiment on himself. He asked a friend to help him. Wells took some of the gas, and his friend pulled out one of Wells’ teeth. Wells felt no pain at all.
From then on other gases were tried. In these experiments the name of Doctor Simpson is well-known. Simpson was the son of a poor man. When he was young, he went to Edinburgh, where he studied for many years before becoming a doctor.
At about this time Robert Liston used an anaesthetic (ether) in an operation in London, during which he amputated a leg in twenty-six seconds! There was not a sound from the sick man. After hearing this, Simpson hurried to London, and brought some ether back to Edinburgh. There he used it himself.
But ether was not a perfect anaesthetic. It had a bad smell, and its effects on the sick man after the operation were unpleasant. Simpson decided to try to find a better anaesthetic.
He and his two friends then tried one gas after another on themselves. After working for a year, the three men tried a new anaesthetic called chloroform. Suddenly Simpson fell on the floor under the table. When he came back to his senses, the first in his mind was that chloroform was very good. He soon did three big operations with chloroform in front of doctors and medical students. They all agreed that it was the best anaesthetic that they had ever seen.
There are now other anaesthetics. Some have only a local effect on part of the body. It is possible now for a man to read a book while the doctors amputate. There is no pain from the leg, but the mind is clear. One doctor even helped to cut off his own leg.
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